PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE MADE WITH RIVER AND LOCAL SANDS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NIGERIA

Summary

The type and quality of fine aggregates significantly affect the strength and durability of concrete. Although river sand has been the preferred choice due to its smooth texture and consistent grading, its dwindling availability and associated environmental issues have led to increased interest in using local sand as a substitute. This study compared concrete made with river sand from the River Niger and local sand from Akazi, Ihiala LGA, Anambra Sate, Nigeria, using a 1:2:4 mix with a 0.50 water–cement ratio. Cubes were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and tested for compressive strength, while sieve and slump tests assessed grading and workability. Results showed both sands are well-graded and produce medium-workability concrete. River sand concrete consistently achieved higher strength (23.81 N/mm² at 28 days) than local sand (21.78 N/mm²), due to finer particle size and better packing. Local sand remains a viable, cost-effective alternative for non-structural applications. River sand is recommended for critical structural elements, while local sand is suitable for less demanding applications, with potential benefits from blending both.

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