HOMOGENEOUS CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF MUSTARD SEED OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST

Arohkesi, A. I.; Umeuzuegbu, J. C.; Ndive, J. N.; Ezeugo, J. O.; Dzarma, G. W.

Authors & affiliations

Arohkesi, A. I.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State – Nigeria.

Umeuzuegbu, J. C.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State – Nigeria.

Ndive, J. N.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State – Nigeria.

Ezeugo, J. O.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State – Nigeria.

Dzarma, G. W.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Michael Okpala University of Agriculture Umudike.

Abstract

Summary

Rapid consumption of fossil fuels coupled with rising environmental deterioration caused by high CO2 emissions has increased the search for clean and renewable energy sources. Vegetable oils are a main possible alternative to fossil fuel. This present work focuses on biodiesel production from mustard seed oil and evaluation of its fuel properties. Mustard seed oil was extracted using a soxhlet extractor, with n-hexane as solvent. The biodiesel was synthesized via sodium hydroxide (NaOH) catalysed transesterification. Standard ASTM methods were employed to analyze the physiochemical properties of the oil (MSO). The functional groups and fatty acid profile of the oil were determined using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) respectively. The effects of process variables, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature and agitation speed were investigated. The fuel properties of the mustard seed oil FAME (MSO FAME) produced were also determined based on ASTM standards. The physiochemical properties of the oil were: saponification value 147.70 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 13.80 mEq/kg, kinematic viscosity 30.00 mm2/s, iodine value 94.40 gI2/100 g, flash point 98.00 °C, fire point 182.00 °C, refractive index 1.42, cloud point 6.00 °C, pour point 1.50 °C, specific gravity 0.95, moisture content 2.99 %, acid value 0.46 mgKOH/g, free fatty acid 0.23 %. The optimized process parameters for obtaining the highest biodiesel yield of 82 %, were methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration 1.0 %, temperature 60 °C, reaction time 60 min and agitation speed 350 rpm. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were: density 880 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 3.00 mm2/s, cetane number 58, flash point 210 °C, cloud point 9 °C, moisture content 0.03 %, acid value 0.40 mgKOH/g, calorific value 37.21 MJ/kg, iodine value 46.4 gI2/100 g, pour point 3 °C, free fatty acid 0.2 %, and refractive index 1.455. The significant reduction in viscosity and acid value, and the ASTM-compliant fuel properties, show that mustard seed oil biodiesel meets ASTM biodiesel standards and is a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.

Keywords

Index Terms

Mustard seed oil Biodiesel Characterization Fuel properties Transesterification Optimization FTIR.

Citation & details

How to cite this article

Authors: Arohkesi, A. I., Umeuzuegbu, J. C., Ndive, J. N., Ezeugo, J. O., Dzarma, G. W.

Volume/Issue: Volume 10, Issue 2

Pages: 86-103

Published: September 11, 2026

Affiliations: Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State – Nigeria., Department of Chemical Engineering, Michael Okpala University of Agriculture Umudike.

Arohkesi, A. I., Umeuzuegbu, J. C., Ndive, J. N., Ezeugo, J. O., Dzarma, G. W. (2026). HOMOGENEOUS CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF MUSTARD SEED OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST. International Journal of Innovative Engineering, Technology & Science (IJIETS), Volume 10, Issue 2, 86-103.

Arohkesi, A. I., Umeuzuegbu, J. C., Ndive, J. N., Ezeugo, J. O., Dzarma, G. W.. "HOMOGENEOUS CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF MUSTARD SEED OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST." International Journal of Innovative Engineering, Technology & Science (IJIETS), vol. Volume 10, Issue 2, 2026, pp. 86-103.

Arohkesi, A. I., Umeuzuegbu, J. C., Ndive, J. N., Ezeugo, J. O., Dzarma, G. W.. "HOMOGENEOUS CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF MUSTARD SEED OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST." International Journal of Innovative Engineering, Technology & Science (IJIETS) Volume 10, Issue 2 (2026): 86-103.

@article{homogeneouscatalyzedmethanolysisofmustardseedoilforbiodieselproductionusingsodiumhydroxideascatalyst2026, author = {Arohkesi, A. I. and Umeuzuegbu, J. C. and Ndive, J. N. and Ezeugo, J. O. and Dzarma, G. W.}, title = {HOMOGENEOUS CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF MUSTARD SEED OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST}, journal = {International Journal of Innovative Engineering, Technology & Science (IJIETS)}, year = {2026}, volume = {Volume 10, Issue 2}, pages = {86-103} }

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